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Summary
Unions in the United States has become a central issue with the effort in Wisconsin to remove collective bargaining for government employees and President Obama's involvement with the SEIU and UAW. Typically, whether or not a company's workforce wants to unionize is not a matter of federal lawmaking. However, starting after the Democrats took the majority in the House and Senate in 2006, they began to push the Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA).
Current law in the US asserts that once at least 30% of a company's work force has signed a card certifying their desire to form a union, a secret ballot election must be held. The employer can still request that secret election even if a majority of employees sign cards signifying their intent to organize with a union. The EFCA ends that provision so that if 50% or more sign cards, a union can be formed. This has led to Republicans referring to the legislation as "card check" in that union bosses could check the cards of workers and intimidate them into signing it.
After a union is certified, the EFCA allows the union to require the company to begin negotiations within 10 days and allows either side to take the dispute to the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service after 90 days. This measure was in response to data that showed that 44% of newly formed unions never sign a first contract. The employer delays for one year and then calls for a new election in which the union is defeated.
Finally, the EFCA would make the National Labor Relations Board seek injunctions against employers who discriminate against employees who attempt to organize a union.
In response to this action, Republicans have introduced the Secret Ballot Protection Act (APBA). This legislation would ensure that a secret ballot election would be required in each company before a union can be organized to represent that work force.
Both the EFCA and the SBPA have been introduced numerous times since 2006, but the only vote on either piece of legislation was the EFCA vote in 2007. That vote passed the House and garnered a majority in the Senate, but did not receive enough support to pass a cloture vote. Republicans have also introduced a National Right to Work Act, that has not been voted on in either chamber.
The National Right to Work law would pass national legislation which would mirror laws passed in 24 states. This law prevents a union from requiring union membership as a condition of employment.
In recent years, there has been a great deal of debate surrounding the ability of public workers to collectively bargain as unions. Historically, public unions were discouraged as the ability of the state to pay is not limited by competition or income, and the temptation of politicians to make promises to garner votes is too high. Currently, there are 5 states that prohibit collective bargaining for public workers, and 11 in which it is allowed but not required.
Legislation
| Employee Free Choice Act of 2007 | Official Summary | Bill Text |
| Secret Ballot Protection Act of 2011 | Official Summary | Bill Text |
| National Right to Work Act | Official Summary | BIll Text |
Components of the Employee Free Choice Act
The Employee Free Choice Act is legislation that the Democratic party has been attempting to enact since 2007. The legislation is geared at making it easier for groups to form unions and had three main components of the legislation.
- Current law states that once at least 30% of a company's work force has signed a card certifying their desire to form a union, a secret election must be held. The employer can still request that secret election even if a majority of employees sign cards signifying their intent to organize with a union. The EFCA ends that provision so that if 50% or more sign cards, a union can be formed.
- After a union is certified, the EFCA allows the union to require the company to begin negotiations within 10 days and allows either side to take the dispute to the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service after 90 days. This measure was in response to data that showed that 44% of newly formed unions never sign a first contract. The employer delays for one year and then calls for a new election in which the union is defeated.
- The final component of the legislation would have made the National Labor Relations Board seek injunctions against employers who discriminate against employees who attempt to organize a union.
EFCA - Card Check
The first component of the EFCA is what causes opponents to refer to the legislation as "Card Check." Section 2 of the legislation states that if the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) finds that a majority of employees have signed valid authorizations, then the NLRB will not call for a secret election but rather certify the union as the representing organization.
This section has led critics to refer to the law as "Card Check" as union representatives can approach each member of the work place individually and ask them if they wish to join a union. This would lead to a situation where pressure is placed on people to sign cards with union officials "checking" their signatures. The employees would have no chance to vote against a union in a secret election.
SEC. 2. STREAMLINING UNION CERTIFICATION.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 9(c) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 159(c)) is amended by adding at the end the following:
‘‘(6) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, whenever a petition shall have been filed by an employee or group of employees or any individual or labor organization acting in their behalf alleging that a majority of employees in a unit appropriate for the purposes of collective bargaining wish to be represented by an individual or labor organization for such purposes, the Board shall investigate the petition. If the Board finds that a majority of the employees in a unit appropriate for bargaining has signed valid authorizations designating the individual or labor organization specified in the petition as their bargaining representative and that no other individual or labor organization is currently certified or recognized as the exclusive representative of any of the employees in the unit, the Board shall not direct an election but shall certify the individual or labor organization as the representative described in subsection (a).
EFCA - Initial Collective Bargaining Agreements
The AFLCIO cites a study by John Paul Ferguson at MIT in claiming that 44% of newly formed unions fail to achieve their first negotiated contract with a company. This is because the employers delay negotiations and drag them out for at least one year, when another election is possible. In the next election, the demoralized workers often vote against the creation of a union.
Section 3 of the legislation deals with facilitating initial collective bargaining agreements. The law requires that companies and unions must meet within 10 days of the certification of the union and that if a new union and an employer are bargaining for their first contract and are unable to reach an agreement within 90 days, either party may request mediation by the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS). It further states that if after 30 days of mediation there is still no agreement, the dispute is referred to binding arbitration.
‘‘(h) Whenever collective bargaining is for the purpose of establishing an initial agreement following certification or recognition, the provisions of subsection (d) shall be modified as follows:
‘‘(1) Not later than 10 days after receiving a written request for collective bargaining from an individual or labor organization that has been newly organized or certified as a representative as defined in section 9(a), or within such further period as the parties agree upon, the parties shall meet and commence to bargain collectively and shall make every reasonable effort to conclude and sign a collective bargaining agreement.
‘‘(2) If after the expiration of the 90-day period beginning on the date on which bargaining is commenced, or such additional period as the parties may agree upon, the parties have failed to reach an agreement, either party may notify the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service of the existence of a dispute and request mediation. Whenever such a request is received, it shall be the duty of the Service promptly to put itself in communication with the parties and to use its best efforts, by mediation and conciliation, to bring them to agreement.
‘‘(3) If after the expiration of the 30-day period beginning on the date on which the request for mediation is made under paragraph (2), or such additional period as the parties may agree upon, the Service is not able to bring the parties to agreement by conciliation, the Service shall refer the dispute to an arbitration board established in accordance with such regulations as may be prescribed by the Service. The arbitration panel shall render a decision settling the dispute and such decision shall be binding upon the parties for a period of 2 years, unless amended during such period by written consent of the parties.’’.
EFCA - Enforcement
The final section of the legislation deals with punishing employers who retaliate against workers seeking to form unions. It prescribes back pay for the employee that was punished and civil penalties of $20,000 for each infringement.
SEC. 4. STRENGTHENING ENFORCEMENT.
(a) INJUNCTIONS AGAINST UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES DURING ORGANIZING DRIVES.—
(1) IN GENERAL.—Section 10(l) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 160(l)) is amended—
(A) in the second sentence, by striking ‘‘If, after such’’ and inserting the following: ‘‘(2) If, after such’’; and (B) by striking the first sentence and inserting the following:
‘‘(1) Whenever it is charged— ‘‘(A) that any employer— ‘‘(i) discharged or otherwise discriminated against an employee in violation of subsection (a)(3) of section 8;
‘‘(ii) threatened to discharge or to otherwise discriminate against an employee in violation of subsection (a)(1) of section 8; or ‘‘(iii) engaged in any other unfair labor practice within the meaning of subsection (a)(1)that significantly interferes with, restrains, or coerces employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in section 7; while employees of that employer were seeking representation by a labor organization or during the period after a labor organization was recognized as a representative defined in section 9(a) until the first collective bargaining contract is entered into between the employer and the representative; or ‘‘(B) that any person has engaged in an unfair labor practice within the meaning of subparagraph (A), (B) or (C) of section 8(b)(4), section 8(e), or section 8(b)(7); the preliminary investigation of such charge shall be made forthwith and given priority over all other cases except cases of like character in the office where it is filed or to which it is referred.’’.
(2) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 10(m) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 160(m)) is amended by inserting ‘‘under circumstances not subject to section 10(l)’’ after ‘‘section 8’’.
(b) REMEDIES FOR VIOLATIONS.—
(1) BACKPAY.—Section 10(c) of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 160(c)) is amended by striking ‘‘And provided further,’’ and inserting ‘‘Provided further, That if the Board finds that an employer has discriminated against an employee in violation of subsection (a)(3) of section 8 while employees of the employer were seeking representation by a labor organization, or during the period after a labor organization was recognized as a representative defined in subsection (a) of section 9 until the first collective bargaining contract was entered into between the employer and the representative, the Board in such order shall award the employee back pay and, in addition, 2 times that amount as liquidated damages: Provided further,’’.
(2) CIVIL PENALTIES.—Section 12 of the National Labor Relations Act (29 U.S.C. 162) is amended—
(A) by striking ‘‘Any’’ and inserting ‘‘(a) Any’’; and (B) by adding at the end the following:
‘‘(b) Any employer who willfully or repeatedly commits any unfair labor practice within the meaning of subsections (a)(1) or (a)(3) of section 8 while employees of the employer are seeking representation by a labor organization or during the period after a labor organization has been recognized as a representative defined in subsection (a) of section 9 until the first collective bargaining contract is entered into between the employer and the representative shall, in addition to any make-whole remedy ordered, be subject to a civil penalty of not to exceed $20,000 for each violation. In determining the amount of any penalty under this section, the Board shall consider the gravity of the unfair labor practice and the impact of the unfair labor practice on the charging party, on other persons seeking to exercise rights guaranteed by this Act, or on the public interest.’’.
Employee Free Choice Act of 2007
In 2007, Congress attempted to pass the Employee Free Choice Act. The legislation passed the House along mostly party lines, but failed to achieve the 60 votes necessary to overcome a filibuster in the Senate.
States with Right to Work Laws
Numeorus states have passed laws that prevent a union from forcing an employee to be part of that union as a condition of employment. These states include Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Guam, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Wyoming.
States with Collective Bargaining Laws
Many states require that their public employees, such as teachers and other government employees, collectively bargain for their pay and benefits. Other states allow such collective bargaining, but do not require it or prevent it. In some states, it is illegal for government employees to collectively bargain for benefits and pay.
Senate Positions
A Senator's positions on unions overall and on the Employee Free Choice Act can be found in each representative's profile under the 'Unions' tab. In 2007, the House and Senate voted on the EFCA and if the representative was in office at that time, then that vote is used to determine whether or not they support that legislation. Whether or not a Senator co-sponsored the legislation is also used as evidence.
Supporters of the Employee Free Choice Act
| Bernard Sanders | I | Vermont |
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| Joseph Lieberman | I | Connecticut |
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| Jeff Merkley | D | Oregon |
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| Jack Reed | D | Rhode Island |
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| Robert Casey | D | Pennsylvania |
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| Ron Wyden | D | Oregon |
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| Sherrod Brown | D | Ohio |
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| Kent Conrad | D | North Dakota |
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| Charles Schumer | D | New York |
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| Jeff Bingaman | D | New Mexico |
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| Robert Menendez | D | New Jersey |
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| Sheldon Whitehouse | D | Rhode Island |
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| Tim Johnson | D | South Dakota |
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| Patrick Leahy | D | Vermont |
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| Kirsten Gillibrand | D | New York |
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| Tom Udall | D | New Mexico |
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| Mark Begich | D | Alaska |
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| Herbert Kohl | D | Wisconsin |
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| John Rockefeller | D | West Virginia |
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| Maria Cantwell | D | Washington |
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| Patty Murray | D | Washington |
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| James Webb | D | Virginia |
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| Frank Lautenberg | D | New Jersey |
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| Harry Reid | D | Nevada |
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| Tom Harkin | D | Iowa |
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| Richard Durbin | D | Illinois |
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| Daniel Akaka | D | Hawaii |
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| Daniel Inouye | D | Hawaii |
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| Bill Nelson | D | Florida |
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| Thomas Carper | D | Delaware |
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| Barbara Boxer | D | California |
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| Dianne Feinstein | D | California |
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| Mark Pryor | D | Arkansas |
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| Mary Landrieu | D | Louisiana |
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| Barbara Mikulski | D | Maryland |
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| Ben Nelson | D | Nebraska |
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| Jon Tester | D | Montana |
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| Max Baucus | D | Montana |
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| Claire McCaskill | D | Missouri |
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| Amy Klobuchar | D | Minnesota |
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| Debbie Stabenow | D | Michigan |
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| Carl Levin | D | Michigan |
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| John Kerry | D | Massachusetts |
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| Benjamin Cardin | D | Maryland |
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| Jeanne Shaheen | D | New Hampshire |
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Opponents of the Employee Free Choice Act
| Kay Bailey Hutchison | R | Texas |
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| James Inhofe | R | Oklahoma |
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| Tom Coburn | R | Oklahoma |
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| Lindsey Graham | R | South Carolina |
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| Jim DeMint | R | South Carolina |
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| John Thune | R | South Dakota |
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| Lamar Alexander | R | Tennessee |
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| Bob Corker | R | Tennessee |
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| Orrin Hatch | R | Utah |
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| Michael Enzi | R | Wyoming |
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| John Barrasso | R | Wyoming |
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| Jeff Sessions | R | Alabama |
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| Richard Shelby | R | Alabama |
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| Jim Risch | R | Idaho |
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| Rand Paul | R | Kentucky |
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| Pat Toomey | R | Pennsylvania |
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| Richard Burr | R | North Carolina |
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| Roger Wicker | R | Mississippi |
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| John Cornyn | R | Texas |
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| Lisa Murkowski | R | Alaska |
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| John McCain | R | Arizona |
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| Jon Kyl | R | Arizona |
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| Saxby Chambliss | R | Georgia |
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| Johnny Isakson | R | Georgia |
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| Mike Crapo | R | Idaho |
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| Richard Lugar | R | Indiana |
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| Charles Grassley | R | Iowa |
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| Pat Roberts | R | Kansas |
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| Mitch McConnell | R | Kentucky |
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| David Vitter | R | Louisiana |
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| Olympia Snowe | R | Maine |
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| Susan Collins | R | Maine |
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| Thad Cochran | R | Mississippi |
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| Jerry Moran | R | Kansas |
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House Positions
A Congressman's positions on unions overall and on the Employee Free Choice Act can be found in each representative's profile under the 'Unions' tab. In 2007, the House and Senate voted on the EFCA and if the representative was in office at that time, then that vote is used to determine whether or not they support that legislation. Whether or not a Congressman co-sponsored the legislation is also used as evidence. In the House, an additional piece of legislation was put forward called the Secret Ballot Protection Act which would oppose the EFCA. The House also had legislation to enforce a national right to work that was never brought up for a vote.
Supporters of the Employee Free Choice Act
| Don Young | R | Alaska |
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| Thaddeus McCotter | R | Michigan |
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| Frank LoBiondo | R | New Jersey |
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| Christopher Smith | R | New Jersey |
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| Peter King | R | New York |
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| Steven LaTourette | R | Ohio |
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| Tim Murphy | R | Pennsylvania |
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| Lloyd Doggett | D | Texas |
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| Henry Cuellar | D | Texas |
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| Gene Green | D | Texas |
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| Eddie Bernice Johnson | D | Texas |
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| Ruben Hinojosa | D | Texas |
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| Silvestre Reyes | D | Texas |
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| Charles Gonzalez | D | Texas |
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| Al Green | D | Texas |
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| Sheila Jackson Lee | D | Texas |
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| Ed Pastor | D | Arizona |
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| Raul Grijalva | D | Arizona |
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| Gabrielle Giffords | D | Arizona |
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| Mike Ross | D | Arkansas |
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| Mike Thompson | D | California |
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| Doris Matsui | D | California |
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| Lynn Woolsey | D | California |
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| George Miller | D | California |
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| Nancy Pelosi | D | California |
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| Barbara Lee | D | California |
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| Anna Eshoo | D | California |
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| Michael Honda | D | California |
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| Zoe Lofgren | D | California |
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| Sam Farr | D | California |
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| Dennis Cardoza | D | California |
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| Jim Costa | D | California |
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| Brad Sherman | D | California |
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| Howard Berman | D | California |
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| Adam Schiff | D | California |
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| Henry Waxman | D | California |
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| Xavier Becerra | D | California |
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| Lucille Roybal-Allard | D | California |
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| Maxine Waters | D | California |
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| Jerry McNerney | D | California |
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| Linda Sanchez | D | California |
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| Joe Baca | D | California |
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| Loretta Sanchez | D | California |
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| Bob Filner | D | California |
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| Susan Davis | D | California |
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| Pete Stark | D | California |
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| Lois Capps | D | California |
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| Grace Napolitano | D | California |
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| Diana DeGette | D | Colorado |
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| Ed Perlmutter | D | Colorado |
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| Joseph Courtney | D | Connecticut |
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| Christopher Murphy | D | Connecticut |
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| Rosa DeLauro | D | Connecticut |
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| John Larson | D | Connecticut |
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| Corrine Brown | D | Florida |
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| Kathy Castor | D | Florida |
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| Debbie Wasserman Schultz | D | Florida |
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| Alcee Hastings | D | Florida |
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| Sanford Bishop | D | Georgia |
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| Hank Johnson | D | Georgia |
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| John Lewis | D | Georgia |
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| John Barrow | D | Georgia |
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| David Scott | D | Georgia |
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| Mazie Hirono | D | Hawaii |
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| Bobby Rush | D | Illinois |
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| Jesse Jackson | D | Illinois |
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| Dan Lipinski | D | Illinois |
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| Luis Gutierrez | D | Illinois |
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| Danny Davis | D | Illinois |
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| Janice Schakowsky | D | Illinois |
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| Jerry Costello | D | Illinois |
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| Peter Visclosky | D | Indiana |
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| Joe Donnelly | D | Indiana |
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| Andre Carson | D | Indiana |
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| Bruce Braley | D | Iowa |
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| Dave Loebsack | D | Iowa |
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| Leonard Boswell | D | Iowa |
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| John Yarmuth | D | Kentucky |
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| Ben Chandler | D | Kentucky |
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| Michael Michaud | D | Maine |
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| C.A. Ruppersberger | D | Maryland |
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| John Sarbanes | D | Maryland |
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| Steny Hoyer | D | Maryland |
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| Elijah Cummings | D | Maryland |
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| Chris Van Hollen | D | Maryland |
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| John Olver | D | Massachusetts |
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| Richard Neal | D | Massachusetts |
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| James McGovern | D | Massachusetts |
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| Barney Frank | D | Massachusetts |
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| John Tierney | D | Massachusetts |
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| Edward Markey | D | Massachusetts |
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| Michael Capuano | D | Massachusetts |
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| Stephen Lynch | D | Massachusetts |
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| Dale Kildee | D | Michigan |
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| John Conyers | D | Michigan |
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| John D. Dingell | D | Michigan |
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| Sander Levin | D | Michigan |
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| Tim Walz | D | Minnesota |
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| Betty McCollum | D | Minnesota |
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| Keith Ellison | D | Minnesota |
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| Collin Peterson | D | Minnesota |
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| Bennie Thompson | D | Mississippi |
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| Wm. Lacy Clay | D | Missouri |
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| Russ Carnahan | D | Missouri |
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| Emanuel Cleaver | D | Missouri |
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| Shelley Berkley | D | Nevada |
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| Robert Andrews | D | New Jersey |
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| Frank Pallone | D | New Jersey |
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| Bill Pascrell | D | New Jersey |
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| Steven Rothman | D | New Jersey |
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| Rush Holt | D | New Jersey |
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| Albio Sires | D | New Jersey |
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| Donald Payne | D | New Jersey |
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| Tim Bishop | D | New York |
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| Steve Israel | D | New York |
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| Carolyn McCarthy | D | New York |
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| Gary Ackerman | D | New York |
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| Joseph Crowley | D | New York |
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| Jerrold Nadler | D | New York |
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| Yvette Clarke | D | New York |
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| Charles Rangel | D | New York |
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| Nydia Velazquez | D | New York |
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| Carolyn Maloney | D | New York |
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| Gregory Meeks | D | New York |
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| Jose Serrano | D | New York |
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| Eliot Engel | D | New York |
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| Nita Lowey | D | New York |
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| Maurice Hinchey | D | New York |
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| Brian Higgins | D | New York |
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| Louise Slaughter | D | New York |
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| Edolphus Towns | D | New York |
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| G.K. Butterfield | D | North Carolina |
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| Mike McIntyre | D | North Carolina |
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| Heath Shuler | D | North Carolina |
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| Brad Miller | D | North Carolina |
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| Mel Watt | D | North Carolina |
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| David Price | D | North Carolina |
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| Marcy Kaptur | D | Ohio |
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| Dennis Kucinich | D | Ohio |
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| Betty Sutton | D | Ohio |
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| Tim Ryan | D | Ohio |
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| Earl Blumenauer | D | Oregon |
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| Peter DeFazio | D | Oregon |
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| Robert Brady | D | Pennsylvania |
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| Chaka Fattah | D | Pennsylvania |
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| Jason Altmire | D | Pennsylvania |
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| Allyson Schwartz | D | Pennsylvania |
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| Mike Doyle | D | Pennsylvania |
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| Tim Holden | D | Pennsylvania |
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| James Langevin | D | Rhode Island |
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| James Clyburn | D | South Carolina |
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| Jim Cooper | D | Tennessee |
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| Stephen Cohen | D | Tennessee |
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| Jim Matheson | D | Utah |
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| Peter Welch | D | Vermont |
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| Bobby Scott | D | Virginia |
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| James Moran | D | Virginia |
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| Jay Inslee | D | Washington |
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| Rick Larsen | D | Washington |
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| Norman Dicks | D | Washington |
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| Adam Smith | D | Washington |
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| Jim McDermott | D | Washington |
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| Nick Rahall | D | West Virginia |
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| Tammy Baldwin | D | Wisconsin |
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| Ron Kind | D | Wisconsin |
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| Gwen Moore | D | Wisconsin |
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Opponents of the Employee Free Choice Act
| Michael Burgess | R | Texas |
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| John Carter | R | Texas |
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| Pete Sessions | R | Texas |
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| Michael McCaul | R | Texas |
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| Mike Conaway | R | Texas |
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| Kay Granger | R | Texas |
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| William Thornberry | R | Texas |
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| Ron Paul | R | Texas |
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| Lamar Smith | R | Texas |
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| Kenny Marchant | R | Texas |
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| Ted Poe | R | Texas |
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| Louie Gohmert | R | Texas |
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| Sam Johnson | R | Texas |
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| Ralph Hall | R | Texas |
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| Jeb Hensarling | R | Texas |
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| Joe Barton | R | Texas |
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| John Culberson | R | Texas |
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| Kevin Brady | R | Texas |
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| Randy Neugebauer | R | Texas |
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| Trent Franks | R | Arizona |
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| Jeff Flake | R | Arizona |
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| Wally Herger | R | California |
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| Dan Lungren | R | California |
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| Devin Nunes | R | California |
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| Kevin McCarthy | R | California |
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| Elton Gallegly | R | California |
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| Howard McKeon | R | California |
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| David Dreier | R | California |
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| Ed Royce | R | California |
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| Gary Miller | R | California |
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| Ken Calvert | R | California |
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| Mary Bono | R | California |
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| Dana Rohrabacher | R | California |
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| John Campbell | R | California |
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| Darrell Issa | R | California |
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| Brian Bilbray | R | California |
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| Jerry Lewis | R | California |
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| Doug Lamborn | R | Colorado |
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| Jeff Miller | R | Florida |
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| Ander Crenshaw | R | Florida |
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| Cliff Stearns | R | Florida |
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| John Mica | R | Florida |
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| Gus Bilirakis | R | Florida |
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| C.W. Bill Young | R | Florida |
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| Vern Buchanan | R | Florida |
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| Connie Mack | R | Florida |
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| Ileana Ros-Lehtinen | R | Florida |
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| Mario Diaz-Balart | R | Florida |
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| Jack Kingston | R | Georgia |
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| Tom Price | R | Georgia |
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| Paul Broun | R | Georgia |
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| Lynn Westmoreland | R | Georgia |
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| Phil Gingrey | R | Georgia |
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| Mike Simpson | R | Idaho |
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| Peter Roskam | R | Illinois |
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| Judy Biggert | R | Illinois |
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| Timothy Johnson | R | Illinois |
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| Donald Manzullo | R | Illinois |
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| John Shimkus | R | Illinois |
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| Dan Burton | R | Indiana |
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| Mike Pence | R | Indiana |
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| Tom Latham | R | Iowa |
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| Steve King | R | Iowa |
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| Edward Whitfield | R | Kentucky |
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| Geoff Davis | R | Kentucky |
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| Harold Rogers | R | Kentucky |
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| Rodney Alexander | R | Louisiana |
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| Charles Boustany | R | Louisiana |
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| Steve Scalise | R | Louisiana |
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| Roscoe Bartlett | R | Maryland |
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| Dave Camp | R | Michigan |
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| Fred Upton | R | Michigan |
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| Tim Walberg | R | Michigan |
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| Michael Rogers | R | Michigan |
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| Candice Miller | R | Michigan |
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| John Kline | R | Minnesota |
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| Michele Bachmann | R | Minnesota |
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| Todd Akin | R | Missouri |
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| Sam Graves | R | Missouri |
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| Jo Ann Emerson | R | Missouri |
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| Dennis Rehberg | R | Montana |
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| Jeff Fortenberry | R | Nebraska |
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| Lee Terry | R | Nebraska |
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| Adrian Smith | R | Nebraska |
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| Scott Garrett | R | New Jersey |
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| Rodney Frelinghuysen | R | New Jersey |
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| Steve Pearce | R | New Mexico |
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| Walter Jones | R | North Carolina |
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| Virginia Foxx | R | North Carolina |
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| Howard Coble | R | North Carolina |
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| Sue Myrick | R | North Carolina |
|
| Patrick McHenry | R | North Carolina |
|
| Steve Chabot | R | Ohio |
|
| Jean Schmidt | R | Ohio |
|
| Michael Turner | R | Ohio |
|
| Jim Jordan | R | Ohio |
|
| John Boehner | R | Ohio |
|
| Pat Tiberi | R | Ohio |
|
| Bob Latta | R | Ohio |
|
| John Sullivan | R | Oklahoma |
|
| Frank Lucas | R | Oklahoma |
|
| Tom Cole | R | Oklahoma |
|
| Greg Walden | R | Oregon |
|
| Bill Shuster | R | Pennsylvania |
|
| Joseph Pitts | R | Pennsylvania |
|
| Todd Platts | R | Pennsylvania |
|
| Jim Gerlach | R | Pennsylvania |
|
| Charles Dent | R | Pennsylvania |
|
| Joe Wilson | R | South Carolina |
|
| John Duncan | R | Tennessee |
|
| Marsha Blackburn | R | Tennessee |
|
| Rob Bishop | R | Utah |
|
| Randy Forbes | R | Virginia |
|
| Bob Goodlatte | R | Virginia |
|
| Eric Cantor | R | Virginia |
|
| Frank Wolf | R | Virginia |
|
| Doc Hastings | R | Washington |
|
| Dave Reichert | R | Washington |
|
| Cathy McMorris | R | Washington |
|
| Shelley Moore Capito | R | West Virginia |
|
| Paul Ryan | R | Wisconsin |
|
| James Sensenbrenner | R | Wisconsin |
|
| Thomas Petri | R | Wisconsin |
|
| Jo Bonner | R | Alabama |
|
| Michael Rogers | R | Alabama |
|
| Robert Aderholt | R | Alabama |
|
| Spencer Bachus | R | Alabama |
|
| Chris Lee | R | New York |
|
| Tom McClintock | R | California |
|
| Mike Coffman | R | Colorado |
|
| Bill Posey | R | Florida |
|
| Aaron Schock | R | Illinois |
|
| John Fleming | R | Louisiana |
|
| Erik Paulsen | R | Minnesota |
|
| Gregg Harper | R | Mississippi |
|
| Glenn Thompson | R | Pennsylvania |
|
| Cynthia Lummis | R | Wyoming |
|
| Tom Rooney | R | Florida |
|
| Lynn Jenkins | R | Kansas |
|
| Bill Cassidy | R | Louisiana |
|
| Phil Roe | R | Tennessee |
|
| Pete Olson | R | Texas |
|
| Jason Chaffetz | R | Utah |
|
| Dan Boren | D | Oklahoma |
|
Significant Votes
If a representative was in office when the EFCA was voted on, it will show up under their profile and indicate how that representative voted.
| Year | Roll Call | Legislation |
| 2007 | 118 | The Employee Free Choice Act |
| Year | Roll Call | Legislation |
| 2007 | 227 | The Employee Free Choice Act |
Additional Legislation
Each year, there are numerous bills introduced that are not voted on in the House or Senate. These bills may be sponsored by numerous people and a representative's co-sponsorship of that legislation gives insight into that person's viewpoints.
| Session | Bill Number | Co-Sponsors | Bill Title |
| 112 | S 217 | 23 | Secret Ballot Protection Act of 2011 |
| 111 | S 560 | 39 | Employee Free Choice Act of 2009 |
| 111 | S 478 | 20 | Secret Ballot Protection Act of 2009 |
| 110 | S 1041 | 46 | Employee Free Choice Act of 2007 |
| 110 | S 2123 | 36 | Public Safety Employer-Employee Cooperation Act of 2007 |
| 110 | S 1312 | 27 | Secret Ballot Protection Act of 2007 |
| 110 | S 1945 | 3 | Patriot Employers Act |
| 109 | S 842 | 44 | Employee Free Choice Act |
| 109 | S 513 | 21 | Public Safety Employer-Employee Cooperation Act of 2005 |
| Session | Bill Number | Co-Sponsors | Bill Title |
| 111 | H R 1176 | 112 | Secret Ballot Protection Act |
| 110 | H R 980 | 282 | Public Safety Employer-Employee Cooperation Act of 2007 |
| 110 | H R 800 | 232 | Employee Free Choice Act of 2007 |
| 110 | H R 697 | 89 | National Right-to-Work Act |
| 110 | H R 866 | 72 | Secret Ballot Protection Act |
| 109 | H R 1249 | 121 | Public Safety Employer-Employee Cooperation Act of 2005 |
[1] Website: Government Printing Office Article: HR 800 - Employee Free Choice Act Author: GPO Accessed on: 04/12/2011
[2] Website: AFL-CIO Article: Why We Need First-Contract Arbitration Author: AFL-CIO Accessed on: 04/12/2011
[3] Website: Talking Points Memo Article: Look at the Map Author: Josh Marshall Accessed on: 02/14/2012
[4] Website: National Right to Work Article: Right to Work States Author: NA Accessed on: 02/14/2012